Patient (condition)
 
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Differentials of acute presentation: Epiglottitis; laryngotracheobronchitis; foreign bodies; post procedure odema; angioneurotic edema; tracheitis; burns; bilateral vocal cord palsies

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Differentials of chronic presentation: subglottic stenosis; laryngomalacia; malignancy; mediastinal masses; webs; cysts; vascular malformation

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If acute, administer 100% oxygen via facemask

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ENT surgeon should be present if patient is unstable & before any airway manipulation is attempted. May require emergency tracheotomy

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Option for securing airway: Direct endoscopy or laryngoscopy with topical local anaesthesia with or without intubation refl.in/2t

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Option for securing airway: If severe obstruction, consider an awake tracheostomy under local anaesthesia. General anaesthesia risks airway collapse. refl.in/2t

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Option for securing airway: Inhalational induction followed by test ventilation to ensure adequate airway, then paralysis only if required refl.in/2t

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Option for securing airway: Inhalational induction of anaesthesia followed by tracheostomy. refl.in/2t

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Option for securing airway: Intravenous induction followed by test ventilation to ensure adequate airway, then paralysis refl.in/2t

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Heliox can improve airway obstruction by reducing viscosity. However, higher Helium concentration lowers the FiO2 refl.in/stridor

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If acute, optimise by reducing any oedema with intravenous dexamethasone or hydrocortisone. It take 4-6 hrs to work.

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If acute, optimise by reducing any oedema with nebulised adrenaline/epinephrine (1mg in 5ml Saline) every 30 minutes

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If acute swelling due to disease process or instrumentation, extubate patient postoperatively in ICU once they are able to breath around the endotracheal tube

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3
Spontaneous ventilation helps maintain supraglottic muscle tone that may assist in keeping the airway patent during the procedure. See refl.in/mf

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Stridor most apparent when space between cords is 4mm . Can compensate if chronic change with patient having no stridor at rest down to 3mm-5mm, but its usually ummasked by simple exertion. #ref

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Subglottic stenosis photos refl.in/2w

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